Page 53 - FoodFocusThailand No.234 September 2025

SPECIAL FOCUS

the Mediterranean diet, which is plant-based and เอกสารอ้างอิง / References
emphasizes: whole grains, fruits and vegetables, • Rubino F, Cummings DE, Eckel RH, Cohen RV, Wilding JPH, Brown
nuts, fish and seafood, extra-virgin olive oil, reduced WA, Definition and diagnostic criteria of clinical obesity. Lancet
red meat, sugar, and processed foods. This diet, Diabetes Endocrinol. 2025 Mar;13(3):221-262
• Garvey WT, Mechanick JI, Brett EM, Garber AJ, Hurley DL, Jastreboff
when energy-restricted, has been shown to: AM, Nadolsky K, Pessah-Pollack R, Plodkowski R; Reviewers of the
promote weight loss, improve blood biochemistry, AACE/ACE Obesity Clinical Practice Guidelines. American
Association of Clinical Endocrinologists and American College of
lower LDL cholesterol, reduce inflammation, Endocrinology Comprehensive Clinical Practice Guidelines for
improve gut microbiota diversity, positively influence Medical Care of Patients with Obesity. Endocr Pract. 2016 Jul;22
Suppl 3:1-203
gene expression related to antioxidant defense, • Bradley M, Melchor J, Carr R, Karjoo S. Obesity and malnutrition in
mitochondrial oxidation, and cellular aging (e.g., children and adults: A clinical review. Obes Pillars. 2023 Sep
telomere lengthening). 7;8:100087.
• Blüher M. Obesity: global epidemiology and pathogenesis. Nat Rev
However, clinical studies on personalized Endocrinol. 2019 May;15(5):288-298
nutrition still face limitations. One study classified • Mozaffarian D. Dietary and Policy Priorities for Cardiovascular Disease,
Diabetes, and Obesity: A Comprehensive Review. Circulation. 2016
participants into two groups: a carbohydrate- Jan 12;133(2):187-225
responsive genotype, consisting of individuals • Van Hul M, Cani PD. The gut microbiota in obesity and weight
with gene variants affecting carbohydrate management: microbes as friends or foe? Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2023
May;19(5):258-271
metabolism, and a fat-responsive genotype • de Toro-Martín J, Arsenault BJ, Després JP, Vohl MC. Precision
group, consisting of individuals with gene Nutrition: A Review of Personalized Nutritional Approaches for the
Prevention and Management of Metabolic Syndrome. Nutrients. 2017
variants affecting fat metabolism. Using SNPs Aug 22;9(8):913
(single-nucleotide polymorphisms), 145 participants • Höchsmann C, Yang S, Ordovás JM, Dorling JL, Champagne CM,
received personalized diets based on macronutrient Apolzan JW, et al. The Personalized Nutrition Study (POINTS):
evaluation of a genetically informed weight loss approach,
responses over 12 weeks. The genotype-matched a Randomized Clinical Trial. Nat Commun. 2023 Oct 9;14(1):6321
group lost an average of 5.3 kg, while the unmatched
group lost 4.8 kg. Statistically, the difference was
not significant. This suggests that genotype-matched More Information Service Info C005
nutrition alone may not yield substantial weight
loss benefits. A possible limitation was the lack of
integration of other individual-level data such as
metabolomics, metagenomics, or gut microbiome
profiles. These limitations present opportunities
for further development of personalized nutrition
strategies in the future.
Obesity is a complex, multifactorial condition
influenced by excessive energy intake, low physical
activity, hormonal imbalances, gut microbiota,
and genetic factors. It significantly increases the
risk of metabolic disorders such as diabetes,
cardiovascular disease, fatty liver disease, and
certain cancers. While traditional dietary approaches
focus on caloric restriction, they often overlook
individual variability in metabolism, nutrient
requirements, and lifestyle. Personalized nutrition
offers a more effective strategy by tailoring dietary
interventions based on genetic makeup, metabolic
biomarkers, gut microbiota, body composition, and
behavioral patterns. Emerging evidence supports
the potential of personalized nutrition to enhance
weight management and improve metabolic health.
However, current clinical data remains limited,
and further research integrating multi-omics and
microbiome data is needed to refine and optimize
personalized dietary strategies for obesity treatment
and prevention.

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